Farm fires evading satellite monitoring prompt focussed ground monitoring

Air quality in Delhi and NCR starts worsening from mid-September, with stubble burning as a precursor to pollution

Farm fires, a major reason for pollution in northwestern India and the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), have been declining year-on-year. But multiple studies have suggested a trend of farmers setting their fields ablaze after 3pm to evade satellite captures, prompting the government to call for intensified ground-level monitoring.

Air quality in Delhi and NCR starts worsening from mid-September, with stubble burning as a precursor to winter pollution. Smog chokes the Capital every winter. Subsequent fireworks during the festive season, especially around Diwali, worsen the situation despite curbs, which are violated every year. PM2.5 is the dominant pollutant affecting the air quality. Secondary particulates formed from emissions from transport, industries, power plants, and biomass burning are among the major pollution contributors during winter.

At a joint review meeting on Tuesday, Union environment minister Bhupender Yadav emphasised the need to intensify ground monitoring and enforcement to prevent stubble burning focussed on fires after 3pm. He called for special focus on Sangrur, Tarn Taran, Amritsar, Patiala, and Gurdaspur (Punjab), and Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, and Fatehabad (Haryana) to assess crop-harvesting trends.

In a statement, Yadav’s ministry said he underlined that monitoring should not rely solely on satellite data and asked district collectors to conduct on-the-ground assessments and strengthen enforcement action to make efforts to curb crop residue burning more effective. It added that he called for strict monitoring of stubble burning through ground patrolling and flying squads during the satellite monitoring gap window, when satellites do not capture farm fires after 3 pm.

Union agriculture minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, who attended the joint review meeting, asked for action on a “war footing” to prevent stubble burning, while emphasising the need to provide farmers with easy, accessible and affordable alternatives. He directed that crop residue machines be provided to farmers at the earliest.

Chouhan cited data from September 15 to October 12 and said there has been a significant reduction of 53.3% in the incidents of stubble-burning in Haryana and around 32% in Uttar Pradesh compared to last year. He added that Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh remained a cause of concern. He asked the two states to identify affected districts and villages and immediately implement a special action plan. Chouhan said there has been a marginal decline in Punjab farm fires in comparison to the same period last year.

Yadav stressed the need to link stubble burning data with that of the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for effective monitoring. He emphasised the importance of providing forecasts of likely harvest times and monitoring meteorological conditions affecting air pollution levels in the NCR so that necessary action can be taken accordingly.

States have started deploying drones for the first time to monitor stubble burning in real-time. In July, CAQM issued a standard operating procedure (SOP) and framework for using drones in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan this winter to detect crop-burning incidents. It asked for drone deployment preferably between 3pm and 9pm when farmers are more likely to evade satellite detection.

Last year, multiple studies showed farmers burning fields late in the evening to avoid being captured by satellite imagery, resulting in an overall lower farm-fire count. India’s polar-orbiting satellites complete their overpass and capture crop burning incidents typically between 10:30 am and 1:30 pm.

Environmental think tank International Forum for Environment, Sustainability and Technology’s study in December 2025 found most fires were lit after 3pm, hours when monitoring systems were not working across Punjab and Haryana.

Another Indian Space Research Organisation study noted a similar trend. “We observe a gradual temporal shift between 2021 and 2024, with peak fire activity occurring around 5 PM IST in 2024… At the same time, the window of fire activity narrowed substantially, suggesting an informed adjustment by farmers to avoid detection by polar-orbiting sensors,” said the study published in Current Science in November last year.

Jasjeev Gandhiok is an Assistant Editor with Hindustan Times, where he covers environment, climate change, the clean energy transition and wildlife at the National Bureau. Gandhiok has over a decade of experience in journalism and is based in Delhi. He has reported extensively on Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR). This includes the region's air pollution woes, a polluted Yamuna and on urban wildlife still thriving in the region. He joined HT in October 2021. Prior to that, he had five-year stint at The Times of India in Delhi, where he also covered Delhi, with a focus on environment and wildlife. Gandhiok has covered some recent events around the Capital too, ranging from the farmers' protests, the northeast Delhi riots and the CAA-NRC protests, reporting from the ground on all of these. He also travels across the country to report on how environment and climate change impact everyday life, while also writing on endangered species. His reports in 2019 on toxic leachate from Delhi's landfills led to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) taking suo motu cognisance and ultimately asking the state government to start bio-mining to flatten and remove all three landfills in the capital. He also closely tracks the implementation of government policies on climate, renewable energy and environmental protection. His focus remains on impactful, public-interest journalism which explains how environmental decisions affect people's everyday lives.Read More